The primary side of one distribution power transformer with DYn connection was protected by three HRC fuses.

Imagine a hypothetical substation with a standard differential protection scheme that has been used to protect one of transmission power transformer with DYn connection.

The high voltage substation of power plant is usually built near it and the generated electrical energy in each power generation unit is transferred to substation by one short transmission line.

After one sever earthquake happened in the hypothetical nuclear power plant area, following observations were reported by special investigation committee that were authorized to estimate earthquake demolition in power plant.

In an extra high voltage substation, the output overhead lines protected by standard protection system.

In 3-Phase  over current protection scheme sometimes 2 no of Current Transformers used for overcurrent relay activation.

500MW power station under erection. Generator Transformer comes in separate phase banks.

Recently the commissioning part of our company started a new project in a gas turbine power plant with six individual power generation units, each 160 MW.

In a bus bar protection scheme applied for a double bus high voltage substation, protection systems design group have chosen high speed trip relay with operation time equal to 4 ms and a 2.5W DC bobbin;

In a low voltage substation, including two incomings and a coupling circuit breakers, incoming C.Bs are connected to two individual power transformers which are fed from upstream medium voltage system.

In an industrial power plant including four individual power generation units and related step up power transformers, the delta side of transformers is connected to generators and star side to main substation busbars via relevant incoming circuit breakers.

As you know, for earth fault protection of electrical system, the residual current measurement is often performed using the three line CTs.

A 20 KV switchgear have equipped with one zig-zag earthing transformer. As you know, A grounding transformer must handle the unbalanced load on the circuit as well as the duty during line-to-ground faults.

I want to know how will we set the earth fault setting of a earthfault relay? is it depends on load or on load pattern?

Why the stator winding of the generator cannot be protected 100%.  What is the reason? Kindly clarify.

What is the difference between earth fault & restricted earth fault?  
Please explain.

I have been reviewing the configuration of some multi-function protection relays. The relay settings file for a Feeder Protection relay shows a Minimum Operating Voltage for Bus Undervoltage protection but it is currently set to 0.00 x VT.

In Large Generators,for providing 100% Stator Earth Fault protection,low Frequency Injection voltage at 20HZ IS WIDELY USED.

the interposing VTs are used for incoming and running busses in synchronising scheme why these two VTs are used? what are advantages?

If the star point of a transformer is earthed and one phase develops a fault to earth can anyone provide a link with a detailed explanation to the resultant effect on the healthy phases with respect to earth ?

What is the role of secondary grounding protection in luminous tube?

What is the control and protection dc voltage selection philosophy in substations?

One of my friends participated in an interesting power network test recently. They intended to evaluate the ability of one of separated power generation unit in islanding mode operation.

What happens when ct  secondary gets open while selecting through ampere meter selector switch for metering function why dont it get burst/burn when secondary is open momentarally?

Please let me know the function of neutral ground resistance sytem of transformer protection and how it is different from restricted eath fault protection.

In an industrial plant, electrical heaters are derived by suitable contactor and MCCB. Also a standard earth fault relay has considered for as earth leakage detector.

What points shall be considered in circuit breaker choosing?

Why saturation phenomenon in current transformers cannot prevent the CTs secondary overvoltage?

Is there any relation between electrical contact melting and amount of through current or voltage drop in switching condition?

In protective relay selection, what terms of reliability or availability are important?  Please explain.

What facility or anticipation shall be considered in design stage for reduction of fire risk in substations?

how does directional overcurrent work ? and how do i go about testing it ?

under normal condition why is the bus coupler protection switched on

For suitable thermal protection of induction motor, I need its time constant. How can I calculate it?

Can a 3500 KVA, 6.3/11 KV power transformer HV side be protected against all faults by installing protection relays only on its primary 6.3 KV side? Overhead line is directly connected at 11 KV side of transformer.

i 'd like to know the mechanizm of SF6 CB working.

There are 2 generators in parallel and they are coupled to a common busbar where there is a stepup transformer.

As you know, the inrush current just appears in one side of transformer when we energize power transformers.

what is dead machine protection of an alternator?

Is there reverse KVAR relay similar to reverse power protection relay in power system?

how differential relay's setting is calculated? calculation given in book doesnt match with actual setting.....

Have a property in Spain with spasmodic tripping on the RCD.  I have found a neutral to earth fault with a voltage reading of 378 volts!,  there is no cross bonding in the houses over here and all the earth wires are in connector blocks throughout the house.  

what is out of step protection of an alternator?

The lubrication oil pumps of turbo generator bearing are fed by outgoing of an emergency panel in power plant as illustrated in below figure. The control circuit of mentioned AC panel is supplied by power station safe (of course not very safe) uninterruptable DC system.

A ring of transformers supplied from main substation using 2 feeders. The main substation feeding from 15MVA transformer.

What is difference between 50N and 50G protection? And related advantage and disadvantages?

Are there any criteria or normal practice for setting calculation of earth leakage protection in impedance earthed electrical systems?

Earth fault tripping on starting of Large 3 phase motor.  Can current imbalance and CT connection scheme explain this. Or other reason?

what are the advantages of internal fault protection in transformer?

In our industrial plant, the power electronic convertor devices such as industrial frequency convertor, variable speed drives and ac to dc convertors have used, and we concern to voltage and current distortion and its bad affects on electrical protection systems.

During CT's primary injection testing why we cannot inject 80%-90% of primary current in to CT?

want to know details about it and a diagram and circuit.....

I want to know the criteria of setting calculation of phase unbalance protections such as 46, or 47 devices.

Studious groups were commanded to harmonic affect on protective relay investigation in a power plant substation. Ali as youngest member of group should be gather field data and information.

Are there any over voltage limitation for electro motors operation?

Please tell me for REf Protection, the induction relay is being used?....
And Lots about details of relay

A protection design group which their company had fronted to budget problems, for pecuniary saving, decided to use of one set differential relay with three input current instead of two differential relay for protection of two same power transformers as indicated in below figure.

Why they are not much sensitive at for 1phase to earth fault close to the earth point in solidly earthed X'mers & ref is being used in place of that?

What is difference of low and high impedance relay and their advantage in practical cases?

What is the reason of using resistor in high impedance relay?

what happen when a CT become saturated?
is the secondary of CT like a short circuit?

Why the primary side of distribution transformers usually is not grounded?

In an executed REF protection, the neutral CT No.1 after many years of system operation is fronted to burning due to unknown accident (see below figure).

Why we Eliminate the 5th harmonic in differential protection?

Please  find attached  image for REF low impedance protection for 2MVA , 11KV/ 0.415 KV , %Z = 7 %  .

numerical restricted  EFR whether it is a low impedence or high impedence ref.

I want to know  about solid state relay..............
And Any Project In Earth fault........

How can I calculate eartfault in distribution feeders?

Please inform me about G.59 protection in diesel generator protection system.

How can be verified the transformer differential relay connections to CTs and be sure correct CT polarity in commissioning stage?

I would like to know about the safety Co-efficient of transformer named as FS of a transformer. what does this signifies and how to choose between them.

What is the difference between restricted earth fault & standby earth fault?
Is the setting of the both relays are kept equal?

I know locked rotor current, of an induction motor, how can be calculated/chosen the suitable setting current of 50 (instantaneous over current ANSI code) of specified motor protective relay?

Advantages  of providing REF protection on 2MVA,22KV/433v Dyn11 Transformer,Having Z% 6.25.What should be ideal CT specs on transformer neutral and in LT panel.

CT Equipotential connection and its requirment.

Rating of the CT provided in the neutral of the transformer/generator for the earth fault protection is 1/5 of the rated current of the transformer/generator. How this 1/5 is arived? why?